The Principals Of Operant Conditioning - 1119 Words

The principals of operant conditioning, teaches how having certain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated the majority of their lives to the study. Thorndike’s theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggests that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other. His experiment worked by placing a cat in a box, then observing its behavior as it tried to escape and obtain the food on the other side. He studied several cats and plotted the time it took for them to escape from the puzzle box. The challenge to get out of the box remained the same, but the amount of time to get out of the box decreased, and while the animal may have not realized what it was doing, but knew what he had to do to receive the food. He concluded that animals learn from reward and punishment or trial and error. The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is about change in behavior. Operant conditioning is learning by consequence. To put it simply, an action which he rewarded is likely to be repeated along with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. B.F. Skinner introduced a new term into the law of effect known as reinforcement. Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated while behavior which is no reinforced tends to disappear. conducted an experiment where he placed a rat inside a specialShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1249 Words   |  5 Pagesstimuli or a behavior and a learned stimulus. Associative learning is divided in to two central techniques, classical conditioning and operant condition. Classical and operant conditioning are basic methods of learning and conditioning is used to adapt a behavior or association through a stimuli or consequence (Ciccarelli, 2012). While classical conditioning and operant conditioning are key elements in associative learning, they have significant differences. A clear contrast between the two theoriesRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior955 Words   |  4 PagesSutherland’s work by using what he had used already and adding operant conditioning and modeling/condition in order to explain criminal behavior more clearly. They offered seven propositions to summarize the Differential Reinforcement Theory, which was a justification of Sutherland’s none principles of differential association. The following are the seven propositions, criminal behavior is learned according to the principles of operant conditioning, criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial situat ionsRead MoreEssay on Theories help explain drunk driving1206 Words   |  5 Pagessituations. These persistent behaviors drive us to look further into why teens partake in this type of activity or better yet what and who is influencing this age group. As asked by the principal I will attempt to explain this behavior using several theories of Human Development, including the theory of operant conditioning, the social learning theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Social Learning Theory This theory established by Albert Bandura, insists that by observing others, people acquireRead MoreHow Shaping Is An Applied Behavioral Analysis Technique1510 Words   |  7 Pagesreinforcement of successive approximations to the final behavior; and 2) withholding reinforcement for earlier response forms (p. 129). The American psychologist B.F. Skinner was the first to recognize that operant conditioning could be used to shape behavior. Skinner recognized that operants are not a discrete unit of behavior, but rather are the result of a continuous shaping process. The exact moment that a desired new behavior is first learned cannot be pinpointed, but rather exists on a continuumRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Case Study1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations, it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the organism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus.Read MoreStay Decisions On Domestic Abusive Relationships1309 Words   |  6 Pagesabusive relationship. Operant conditioning principles theories This study will implement the principles of operant conditioning to explain the challenges domestic violence victims face when making decisions to either stay or leave the abuser. The participants in this experiment will be domestic violence victims who will complete two sets of surveys after arriving to a shelter. The data collected from this study will attempt to support prior theories on operant conditioning principles and stay-leaveRead MorePsychological Approaches Of Health And Social Care Service Provision1215 Words   |  5 Pagessocial care service provision. As I explained in (p1-explanation of the principal psychological perspectives), the behaviourist approach states that we are born at a blank state, therefore all of our behaviour are as a response to a stimulus in our environment. Behaviourists use two types of processes to explain how people learn: classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Frederic Skinner).In classic conditioning, individuals learn to associate stimuli when they occur together toRead MoreDog Training Advice And College Study Advice998 Words   |  4 Pagesreinforcement. Despite these similarities, dogs and students differ in what they are learning and how exactly they show that they have learned. Advice to college students and dog trainers are comparable in fundamental ways; their methods and reactions to conditioning are similar but what exactly the person or dog is learning can make it seem as if the two types of advice have very little in common. Studying and dog training advice both include the need for frequency, consistency, and repetition. The ASPCA

The Effects Of Emotional Processing On The Treatment Of Ptsd

A significant minority however, fail to adapt efficaciously. The continuance of intrusive signal of emotional disturbance include recurring nightmares, compulsions, phobias, pressure of talk, re-experiencing, return of anxieties, incongruous expressions of emotion to treatment failures/setbacks as to time and place, A subordinate reason for introducing the model arose from the incremental evidence that at least three forms of behavioural treatment were effective in reducing psychological problems, notably phobias. Common difficulties challenged during exposure therapy for PTSD, including under engagement and over engagement, are made known in the context of emotional processing theory and suggestions for how to contrive these difficulties are presented. Exposure treatment has the greatest evidence base and strongest empiric support for effectiveness in the treatment of PTSD. Emotional processing therapy is described by Baker. Second, logistic regression was used to foretell continuance of symptoms. Broadly, the person’s beliefs and appraisals definitely influence the protuberance. investigations of fear-relevant imagery from the perspective of behaviour therapy for reducing fear. 2008; Marks and Dar 2000) and in some cases fear declines despite negative expectations being confirmed during exposure (Marks and Dar 2000). What encourage adaptation to emotional disturbances, and what factors impede it? The search for an explanation of the process of adaptation led to theShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesDisorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH). In 1980, PTSD was recognizedRead MoreEssay on Women Dealing with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder638 Words   |  3 Pagesin Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among the women’s population of non-Hispanic Whites, African American, and Hispanic. The population of Hispanics and African American female’s veterans, in terms of gender, experience a higher symptom of PTSD than male veterans. The study is aimed at providing analysis demographic characteristics, diagnostic validity, and the normative sampling, among the three ethnic populations of women who experienced treatment for PTSD compared to servicemen veterans. HarrisonRead MoreLearning Theories Explain The Connection Of Fear And Avoidance Of The Trauma1070 Words   |  5 PagesAmong the approaches for treating PTSD that presented in chapter two of Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research (Ringel Brandell, 2012), the approaches I elected to focus on are CBT and PTSD, EMDR, SIT, and The Self-Trauma Model. CBT and PTSD: CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) approach can go to two directions. The first direction is learning theory, and the second is emotional processing theory (p. 15). The learning theories relate to behavioral approach aiming toRead MorePtsd : Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1462 Words   |  6 PagesPTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder or serious condition that can develop after a victim who has witnessed or experienced a traumatic event.(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) When PTSD was identified as an mental health condition by the psychologist? The term PTSD first appeared in the 1980s, but the concept of this disorder can be traced back to 1952 when the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM was published. The stress reactionRead MoreEvidence Based Practice And Practice1635 Words   |  7 PagesA. In today s society, there is a great deal of research and practice about evidence based practice. Most of this is highly sought upon in the field of psychology, where evidence and decision making is key to accomplishing new ideas of treatments for people who retain psychiatric problems. The meaning of evidence-based practice in psychology is that it involves making very educated and supported decisions based on punctilious, unambiguous, and astute evidence (Rousseau Gunia, 2016). With evidence-basedRead MoreAnalysis : Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing1348 Words   |  6 Pagestreat conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and psychosis. People who find events or memories that disable the ability to enjoy everyday life are starting to use exposure therapy. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective exposure therapy that has been used for many years to help a patient remove painful thought and to deal with physical, mental, and emotional conflicts . In 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization andRead MoreThe Impact Of Terrorism On The United States932 Words   |  4 PagesThese include studies by Morland, Butler and Leskin into the effects of terrorism in the United States; Vazquez, Perez-Sales and Hervas covering the social and individual effects of terrorism in Madrid; Frazier and Berman covering post-traumatic growth in female sexual assault victims; and Joseph, Williams and Yule on psychosocial perspectives on PTSD and treatment (TRG pg 19). These studies show the importance of reprogramming PTSD clients towards normalizing and coping methods and re-integrationRead MorePost Dramatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost dramatic stress disorder or PTSD is an anxiety disorder caused by very, frightening, stressful or distressing events. People with PTSD can often relive traumatic events through nightmares and flashbacks, and can feel, irritable, isolated and guilty. Some may also have problems with sleeping, for instance insomnia and find concentrating difficult. In the context of the impact on a person, this essay explores the question of what are the causes and effects of post dramatic stress disorder, andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1294 Words   |  6 PagesPTSD or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an increasing problem in our country. PTSD has its roots in the military, but the entire populace is subject to its effects. I served my country for the past 21 years and have seen the before and after of the effects of combat, so any discussions about PTSD, diagnosis, treatments, and cures is likely to catch my eye. In this paper, we will discuss the basics on PTSD, current rates in society, and list the possible cures and or treatments that are currentlyRead MoreThe Ethics of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind706 Words   |  3 Pageswere damaging to your physical health? PTSD Nearly five million Americans between the ages of 18 and 54 suffer from p ost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The fear and horror can have lasting psychological and physiological effects with complications such as depression, substance abuse and even suicide (Wood,2007). Wood, A. (2007). The ethics of eternal sunshine. The Advocate: University of San Diego School of Law 24(1). Current Treatment for PTSD Cognitive behavior therapy helps individuals

Supporting Children through Transitions free essay sample

?Young people go through many ‘first time’ experiences from which they develop the skills to cope with the changes and challenges of life. Usually they cope well with these experiences but sometimes when transitions are major, they can be affected emotionally, physically, psychologically or intellectually and will require support during this time. While some transitions can be expected and planned for, such as changing schools, others are unexpected and unplanned such as a bereavement. In order to support a young person through such a major emotional transition, it is important to allow them to express their feelings and emotions and helped to give words to the emotions they are experiencing. It is equally important that the child is listened to and respected, recognising the uniqueness of their own experience. In my own school setting, staff aim to create an atmosphere in which feelings are spoken about and taken seriously. Each class has a form teacher who takes registration periods twice a day allowing a trusting relationship to be built between teacher and pupils. We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Children through Transitions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of this time is allocated to open up discussions about stress and pressures faced and strategies to manage them. By allowing staff to get to know pupils well, they are in a better position to recognise any changes in behaviour or progress which may indicate that they require further support. A school counsellor is also available and children are encouraged to avail of this service. A friendly, open disposition is supportive in itself as young people will feel they have someone to turn to. It is important to recognise when to refer a child to other sources of support. Physical transitions such as moving house or school are also major transitions in a young person’s life which may involve the loss of old friendships and the need to build new ones. While all children face the transition to secondary level education, others may have to face such a move between schools at other points. Increasingly, there are children for whom the transition may also involve moving country, adjusting to a new culture and learning a new language. Where possible children should be prepared for transition between schools by providing some overlap between schools and opportunities to familiarise pupils with the new setting. In the secondary school in which I work, strong links have been built with the feeder primary schools. Children in P. 7 will be invited to the school on a number of occasions to participate in learning activities such as science days, allowing them to see the school, meet teachers and try new subjects. The transition is further assisted by the fact that year 8 pupils are taught in a separate school building with increasing activities taking place in the main school building towards the end of year 8. This allows the pupils to have dealt with the loss of primary and established new friendships before they are also immersed in the school life of older teenagers. Physiological transitions affect all pupils as they grow older and begin puberty while some may also be affected by physiological transitions such as long term illness. Puberty is a transition which can be anticipated and prepared for. It is important therefore to talk to young people and ensure that they understand that physiological changes are going to take place, are perfectly normal and that young people will go through this transitions at different rates. By preparing young people for this transition, the anxieties created can be reduced and responded to sensitively. Young people can be supported at this stage by focusing on the positive changes this life stage brings about with increased opportunities at school and socially. In my own school setting the curriculum has been developed to include the emotional and physiological changes the pupils are going through as teenagers. Personal development lessons look at life skills such as the ability to ask for help and support when necessary. Support is also provided by the onsite school nurse, for example teenage girls can go to the nurse if they require sanitary protection or paracetamol. Intellectual transitions take place throughout a child’s school life as there is continual progression onto new learning. Each year begins with the uncertainty of new teachers, new rooms, and new topics. Most of these changes are managed well by pupils and the experience and skills learned, equip them to deal with further challenges. In my school setting, children are encouraged to be self-aware and to reflect upon their own learning. At the end of each topic they complete a self–evaluation to identify what they have learned well, what they need to improve and how they might bring about improvement. This encourages them to take responsibility and to recognise that they themselves can bring about change in their learning outcomes. Successes are celebrated within the school to build up the pupils’ sense of belonging self-esteem and confidence in their ability to succeed. Improved self -confidence and self–esteem increases a young person’s ability to come through transitions. Support and encouragement can be given in simple ways such as a smile or greeting a child by name. The pastoral ethos of my own school setting aims to ensure that pupils feel secure and valued and know how and where to seek support. Pupils may then have an increased capacity to cope with transitions and a belief in their own ability and resilience when faced with change. Supporting Children Through Transitions free essay sample Transitions occur when a child moves from one care situation to another. Children of all ages experience transitions. 0-3 years Children attend a setting for the first time – a nursery, pre-school, creche, and childminder’s home. Move within a setting – from the baby room to the toddler room, or change childminders. To help and support the children through the transition you could: †¢Ensure all registration information has been received before the child attends, so that practitioners are prepared to meet the child’s needs. Have a key worker allocated to the child †¢Combine visits with parents, shorter stays before longer ones. †¢Tell children and adults that a new child is coming and encourages them to make the child welcome. †¢Give the child a warm welcome. †¢Encourage children and parents to say goodbye to one another. †¢Show the child around and explain the routine, where to hang up coats etc. †¢Remain supportive. We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Children Through Transitions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Provide ways to involve families in the child’s experience, to assist the transition from the setting to home. 3-7 years Transitions are periods of change which generally involve a loss of familiar people in a child’s life. Different children respond differently to transitions, children attending pre-school or juniors, a child moving within a setting. Children have new living arrangement or maybe even a stay in hospital. To help and prepare for change you could: †¢Communicate with the children about the transition. Talking about what will happen as well as listening to the child’s concerns. †¢Arrange a visit to a new setting prior to the transition with parental supervision. Ensure all documentation about the child is organised in advance. Communicate with the children continuously to see and monitor their progress. 7-12 years Children and babies are naturally motivated to lean until the age of seven or eight. At this age school work may become taxing and the eagerness to discover may fade. To promote development of self- motivation in children you could: †¢Encourage children to be optimistic †¢Encourage children to value persistent effort and to expect success when they try †¢Teach children the value of overcoming failure Encourage children to celebrate and enjoy achievement †¢Give children opportunities to master their world †¢Make learning relevant to the individual child’s interest †¢Teach children in ways that appeal to their styles and learning. 12-16 years Some children experience multiple transitions. This may be due to frequent family breakdowns or perhaps the nature of the parents work. You should allow relationships to form gradually with friends and peers with such child ren, taking care not to overwhelm them. Social services recognise the problems of multiple transitions. As a child develops they still need support and encouragement with change. Children either changing school or class my still need guidance. Sometimes children enjoy solving their own problems and should be allowed to do this. The move to secondary school can be a quite big change for children. Children often have common anxieties about transitions, such as will I make friends, will I like my teacher, and will I get much homework, what happens at lunch time. Parents and carers should be aware of the child’s new surroundings †¢Get involved in the move by talking and communicating both with the child and teachers. †¢Encourage time to chat with the child to keep a good understanding of what is going on and how the child feels about the change. †¢Allow for emotional change as the child develops. †¢Support the child as they make physical and emotional changes. †¢Support and give good guidance to the rules and disciplines of both the home life and school.